Grain Boundaries Etchants

0.52C-15Cr steel - Chemical etching
18/8 and 13-30% Cr steels - Revelas the grain boundaries of the matrix
ASTM etchant No. 111 - Fe superalloys - Electrolytic etching
ASTM etchant No. 111 - Ni superalloys - Chemical etching
ASTM etchant No. 133 - Ni superalloys - Chemical etching
ASTM etchant No. 133 - Ni-Ti alloys - Chemical etching
ASTM etchant No. 133 - Pure Ni and high Ni alloys - Chemical etching
ASTM etchant No. 170b - Pure vanadium - Chemical etching
ASTM etchant No. 74a - Fe + C - Chemical etching
ASTM etchant No. 77 - Fe + C - Chemical etching
ASTM etchant No. 80 - Fe + <1C + <4% additions - Chemical etching
ASTM etchant No. 80 - Fe + 12-20 Cr + 4-10 Ni + <7% - Chemical etching
ASTM etchant No. 80 - Fe + 15-30 Cr + 6-40 Ni + <5% - Chemical etching
ASTM etchant No. 80 - Tool steels - Chemical etching
ASTM etchant No. 81 - Steels, carbon and alloy types - Chemical etching
ASTM etchant No. 83b - Non-stainless maraging steels - Electrolytic etching
Acetic glycol etchant - Magnesium - Chemical etching
Acetic glycol etchant - Rare earth - Chemical etching
Acetic-glycol etchant - Mg and alloys - Chemical etching
Acetic-picral etchant - Magnesium - Chemical etching
Acetic-picral etchant - Magnesium - Chemical etching
Ag alloys - Chemical etching
Ag-Cd alloy - Alloy with 45 at.% Cd
Al alloy #6061 - Tg sheet-Proton damage
Al and Al alloys - Electrolytic polishing
Al and Al alloys, Al-Cu alloys, Al-Zn alloys - Chemical etching
Al-Cu alloy - Al-Cu eutectic
Al-Mg, Al-Mg-Si, Al-Zn-Mg, Al-Cu-Mg alloys - Chemical polishing
Al-Si and Al-Cu alloys, segregations, grain boundaries - Chemical etching
Al2O3 - Chemical etching
Al2O3, mixture of Al2O3 and MgO, or SnO2 - Thermal etching
All materials - EBSD sample preparation
All materials - EBSD sample preparation
Alpha-Pu - Electrolytic etching
Aluminium - Distinct grain boundaries in corrosion sensitive alloys
Aluminium - Precipitates, grain boundaries, Al-Si and Al-Cu alloys
Aluminium alloys - Alloy 6061, 6xxx series alloys, hot worked and heat treated alloys
Aluminum alloys - Color etching - Intergranular corrosion
Aqua Regia - Austenitic stainless steels - Chemical etching
Aqua Regia - Austenitic stainless steels - Chemical etching
Aqua Regia - Stainless steel - Chemical etching
Aqua Regia - Stainless steel - Chemical etching
Aqua Regia - Wrought heat-resistant steels - Chemical etching
Au thin films - Gas, diffusion
Au-Cd alloys - Also etches dislocation, grain boundaries
Austenite grain boundaries in case-hardened steels - Chemical etching
Austenite grain boundaries in case-hardened steels and steels for hardening and tempering - Chemical etching
Austenite grain boundaries in cold-worked steels - Chemical etching
Austenite grain boundaries in cold-worked steels - Chemical etching
Austenite grain boundaries in valve steels. Hardening and tempering steels, case-hardening steels - Chemical etching
Austenitic 18/8 stainless steels - Potentiostatic etching
Austenitic stainless steels and high alloy nickel steels - Electrolytic etching
Austenitic stainless steels and high alloy nickel steels - Electrolytic etching
Ba2TiO3 specimens - Chemical polishing
Bain-Vilella's etchant - Steel specimens - To reveal the prexisting austenite grain boundaries and tempered steels
Beaujard and Tordeux's tint etchant - Tint etchant for steels
Beaujard and Tordeux`s tint etchant - Reveals grain boundaries and ferrite orientations
Beraha's tint etchant - For irons, steels, tool steels
Beryllium - Chemical etching
Beryllium - Heat tint etching
Beryllium oxide (BeO) - Chemical polishing
CaWO4 (001) wafers - Chemical etching
Carbon and alloy steels - Reveals maximum detail in pearlite, untempered and tempered martensite
Cast irons - General purpose etching of all pearlitic gray, melleable and ductile cast irons
Cast irons - General purpose etching of all pearlitic gray, melleable and ductile cast irons
CdTe (111) wafers - Dislocation etching
Chemical polishing of 6061 aluminum - EBSD sample preparation
Co alloys - For grain boundaries - Co-97.2 Cu alloy
Co-Sm alloy - Co5Sm
CoSi2 (100) wafers - Dislocation etching
Coated Hastelloy-X - Chemical etching
Cobalt wrought alloys - Electrolytic etching
Copper - For revealing the grain boundaries
Copper - Most types of Cu and Cu Alloys, Cu-Ag solder layers, Mn, P, Be, Al-Si bronzes
Copper - This etchant reveals segregation structure and grain boundaries in 99.999% Cu
Copper and copper alloys - To reveal the (100) texture in copper
Copper and its alloys - Cu, high Cu alloys, P-Sn bronzes - Emphasizes grain boundaries and oxide inclusions
Copper chloride (CuCl) - Chemical etching
Copper dislocation etchant - Si single crystal wafers of different orientations - Chemical etching
Cr2O3 (0001) wafers- Chemical etching
Cu and alloys - Chemical etching
Cu and alloys - Chemical etching
Cu, high Cu alloys, phosphor bronze - General macrostructure
Cu, high Cu alloys, phosphorus, tin bronzes - Chemical etching - General macrostructure
Cu-Au alloys - Chemical etching
Cu-Au alloys - Electrolytic polishing and micro etching
Er single crystal specimens - Thermal processing
Etchant for copper wire - Chemical etching
Etching for grain boundaries in microalloyed steel
Fe and steel - Electrolytic polishing
Ferrite specimens - Thermal etching
Fine-grained, heavily deformed steels - Chemical etching
For most Al type alloys, Al-Be alloys - Chemical etching
Ga as solid material - Chemical etching
GaAs (111) wafers - Chemical etching
GaAs wafers - Chemical etching
GaP (111) wafers - Metal decoration
Gd single crystal specimens - Thermal etching
Ge (111) wafers - Electrolytic polishing
Ge and Ge alloys - Electrolytic etching
Ge-Zn eutectic - Chemical etching
HSLA steels - Chemical etching
Hastelloy X - Chemical etching
Heat treated Ti alloys - Chemical etching
High purity Al, most Al alloys, grain boundaries are preferentially attacked - Chemical etching
High temperature supercondictors (YBa2Cu3O7) - For revealing grain boundaries, twin boundaries and cracks
Ho single crystal specimens - Thermal etching
In single crystal ingot - Chemical etching
InSb (001) wafers - Alcohol cleaning
InSe (0001) as hand cleaved wafers - Chemical etching
Inconel 625 - Chemical etching
Inconel 625 - Chemical etching
Inconel X550, Inco 700, Waspaloy, M252 - Chemical etching
Iridium - Electrolytic etching
Iron and steels - Chemical etching
Iron and steels - Chemical etching
Iron oxide scale - Fe3O4 - Electrolytic etching
Iron, steels, cast irons - Austenite grain boundaries
Iron, steels, cast irons - Austenite grain boundaries in case hardened steels
Iron, steels, cast irons - Austenite grain boundaries in cold work steel
Iron, steels, cast irons - Carbides, nitrides, phosphides, and sulfides are not attacked
Iron, steels, cast irons - Increases attack of Fe in alloyed steels
K specimens - Chemical polishing
Keller' etchant, modified - Ni-Cr-Th alloy - Ni-20Cr-2ThO2
Keller's etchant - Al and Al alloys - Chemical etching
Keller's etchant - Aluminium (99.945%) - Dislocation etching
Klemm's I etchant - Iron and steels - Chemical etching
LBH etchant, modified - Steels - Chemical etching
Lead and lead alloys - Development of microstructures and grain boundaries in lead
Li samples - Chemical etching
Lithium specimens - Chemical polishing and etching
Low Mn-V steel - Fe-0.14C-1.3Mn-0.35Si-0.1V (plus Al, N)
Lucas's etchant - Ni3Al based alloys with 21-29 at. per cent Al - Chemical etching
Lucas's etchant - NiChrome 80-20 - Grain structure and matrix phases
Magnesium - Chemical polishing
Magnesium alloys - A universal etchant
Magnesium alloys - Chemical etching
Magnesium alloys - Chemical etching
Magnesium alloys - Reveals grain boundaries more readily
Magnetite (Fe3O4) - Chemical etching
Marble's etchant - For iron-nickel and cobalt-base superalloys
Marshall's etchant - 99.999% pure iron - For etching of all grain boundaries
Methanolic Aqua Regia - Austenitic stainless steels - Chemical etching
Mg and Mg alloys - Mg-Al alloys, catings, Mg-Zr alloys, castings and forgings
Mg and Mg alloys - Mg-Zr alloys, forgings
Mg and alloys - Chemical etching
Mg-Al and Mg-Al-Zn alloys - Chemical etching
Mg-Mn ferrite (Fe-Mg-Mn-O) - Rapid attack on grain boundaries
Mg-Mn wrought alloys - Chemical etching
MgO (100) cleaved wafers - Chemical etching
MgO specimens - Chemical etching
Mo-Mn-Co system - Chemical etching, electrolytic etching
Mo-Ni alloys - Chemical etching
Molybdenum - Electrolytic etching
Monel 400 - For the grain boundaries
Murakami's etchant, modified (Klemm) - Al-Si aloys - Chemical etching
Murakami's etchant, modified - Silicon carbide (SiC) - For RSiC - Reveals alpha/beta grain boundaries
Murakami's etchant, modified - Silicon carbide (SiC) - For alpha-SiC - Reveals alpha/alpha and alpha/beta grain boundaries
Murakmi's etchant - Austenitic and ferritic-Austenitic stainless steels - Chemical etching
Nb-Rh alloys - Chemical and electrolytic etching
Nb-Sn alloy (Nb3Sn) - Chemical etching
Nb-Sn alloys (single crystal Nb3Sn) - Chemical etching
Ni superalloys - Chemical etching
Ni superalloys - Electrolytic etching
Ni, 20% Cr and 2% ThO2 alloy - Electrolytic etching
Ni, Ni-Cu, Ni-Ti alloys - Chemical etching
Ni-Cr-Th alloy - 20% Cr, 2% ThO2 - Electrolytic polishing and etching
Ni-Fe alloys, reveals grain boundaries - Chemical ecthing
Ni-Nb alloys - Chemical etching
NiChrome 80-20 etchant - Electrolytic etching
NiMn single crystal specimens - Electrolytic etching
Nickel - Electrolytic polishing
Nickel and nickel-copper alloys (Ni-Cu) - For revealing grain boundaries
Nickel and nickel-copper alloys (Ni-Cu) - Microscopic examination of grain boundaries and general structure
Nickel specimens TD - Thorium deposited nickel - Etch for grain boundary
Nickel superalloys - Production of thin foils for electron microscopy
Nickel superalloys - Production of thin foils for electron microscopy
Niobium - Chemical etching
Nital - Carbon and alloy steels - Develops ferrite grain boundaries in low carbon steels
Nital - Iron and steels - Chemical etching
Nital - Wrought Fe-Ni-Cr heat resisting alloys - Incoloy 800, general structure; grain boundaries
Nital - Wrought Fe-Ni-Cr heat resisting alloys - Incoloy 825, general structure; grain boundaries
PLZT [(Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3] - Chemical etching
Pb-Bi alloys - Chemical and physical etching
Pb-Sn eutectic - Chemical etching
Picral etchant - Iron and steels - Chemical etching
Picral etchant - Steels - Chemical etching
Picric acid + HCl - Steels - Chemical etching
Plutonium oxide (PuO) - Sample preparation
Poly-Si grown on (100) silicon substrates - Chemical etching
Poly-Si wafers - Defects
Primary austenite grain boundaries in low and medium-alloy steels, martensitic and bainitic microstructures - Chemical etching
Pt and alloys - Electrolytic etching
Pu-Al and Pu-Ga alloys - Electrolytic etching
Pure Be, grain boundaries, impurities, single crystals - Chemical etching
Pure Cu and Cu-5% Be, Cu-1% Zr, Cu-0.3% Be-2% Ni alloys - Potentiostatic etching
Pure Ni - Chemical etching
Rare earth (RHE) metals and alloys - Chemical etching
Rene 95 nickel alloy - Chemical etching
SSiC - Chemical etching
SSiC Beta/Beta - Chemical etching
Secco's etchant - Si (111) and (100), p-type, 1-10,000 Ohm cm resistivity wafers - Chemical etching
Si (100) wafers - Chemical jet thinning
Si ingot etched for defects - Chemical etching
Silicon carbide (SiC) - For alpha SiC dosed with B
Silicon carbide (SiC) - For beta-SiC - Reveals beta/beta grain boundaries
Silicon carbide (SiC) - Polycrystalline - Chemical and elctrolytic etching
Silicon carbide SiC - Etching
Silicon steels - Determination of grain orientaion
Silver - Electrolytic polishing
Silver - Thermal etching
Sintered Al materials, grain boundaries, removes smeared layers - Chemical etching
Sn and Sn alloys - Electrolytic polishing - Dislocation etching
Sodium specimens - Alcohol polishing
Stainless steels - Electrolytic etching
Steel specimens - Carbon steel and Cr-Mo steel
Superalloys - Etches gamma phase, carbides, and grain boundaries
Tb single crystal specimens - Thermal etching
Temper embrittlement in steels - Chemical etching
Ti and Ti alloys - Electrolytic polishing and chemical etching
Ti and alloys - Chemical etching
Tm single crystal specimens - Thermal etching
Tungsten - Chemical etching
Tungsten - Chemical etching
Tungsten - For sub grain boundaries and slip lines
UO2 and UO2CeO2 - Chemical etching
Uranium - Chemical etching
Uranium - Electrolytic etching
Uranium dioxide (UO2) - A suitable etching method for determining grain size
V alloys - Chemical etching
V modified AISI 4330 steel - Fe-0.32C-0.28Si-0.61Mn-2.24Ni-0.43Cr-0.6Mn-0.1V
Vilella and Beregekoff's etchant - Pb and most Pb alloys - General macrostructure
Vilella's etchant - Carbon and alloy steels with medium carbon content - For austenite grain boundaries
W (001) wafers and single crystals - Electrolytic polishing
W and alloys - Chemical etching
Walker's etchant - Rene 95 alloy - Chemical ecthing
Westinghouse W Ag etchant - Ge and Ge alloys - Chemical etching
Wrought Fe-Ni-Cr heat resisting alloy - U-700 (AISI 687) - General structure; grain boundaries
Wrought Fe-Ni-Cr heat resisting alloys - Incoloy 800, grain boundaries
Wrought Fe-Ni-Cr heat resisting alloys - Incoloy 800, preferential attack at grain boundaries
Wrought Fe-Ni-Cr heat resisting alloys - Incoloy 825, grain boundaries; carbide particles
Wrought Fe-Ni-Cr heat resisting alloys - Incoloy 825, grain boundaries; carbide particles
Wrought Fe-Ni-Cr heat resisting alloys - Inconel 600 and 601 - General structure; grain boundaries; carbide
Wrought Fe-Ni-Cr heat resisting alloys - Inconel 625, general structure; grain boundaries
Wrought Fe-Ni-Cr heat resisting alloys - Inconel 706 and alloy 718
Wrought Fe-Ni-Cr heat resisting alloys - Inconel 706 and alloy 718 - Good for general structure and phase outline; grain boundaries
Wrought Fe-Ni-Cr heat resisting alloys - Inconel 706 and alloy 718 - Grain boundary films
Wrought Fe-Ni-Cr heat resisting alloys - Inconel X-750 (AISI 688) - Good for revealing grain boundaries and carbide particles
Wrought Fe-Ni-Cr heat resisting alloys - Inconel X-750 (AISI 688), grain boundaries; carbide
X41CrMoV5-1 steel - Chemical etching
YBa2Cu3O7 - For observation of grain boundaries, twain boundaries and cracks
Zinc oxide-lithium oxide system (ZnO-1 at.% Li2O) - Chemical etching
Zn alloys - Chemical etching
Zn specimens - Electrolytic etching
ZnO grain boundaries - Chemical etching

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